Aharei Mot 5: The Sins Of The Flesh

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[Source photo:Sins of the Flesh]

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After the death of the sons of Aaron, and after instructing Aaron himself on how to perform the sacrifices, the Torah addresses to the common people who wish to make a sacrifice, or to consume meat, instructing them to bring the sacrifice to the entrance of the Tent of Meeting (Vayikra, 17: 8-9).

Just after that the consumption of blood is explicitly and clearly forbidden: «Any man of the House of Israel and of the proselyte who dwells among them who will consume any blood —I shall concentrate My attention upon the soul consuming the blood, and I will cut it off from its people» (v. 10). And also “… any person among you may not consume blood; and the proselyte who dwells among you may not consume blood» (v. 12). And again, «Any man of the Children of Israel and of the proselyte who dwells among them who will trap a beast or a bird that may be eaten, he shall pour out its blood and cover it with earth» (v. 13).

But why is this prohibition so clear, not only to the members of the House of Israel but to everyone who lives with them? «For the soul of all the flesh is in the blood, and I have assigned it for you upon the Altar to provide atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that atones for the soul» (v. 11). But also «For the life of any creature — its blood represents its life, so I say to the Children of Israel, ‘You shall not consume the blood of any creature; for the life of every creature is its blood, whoever consumes it will be cut off» (v. 14).

In ancient times, and also not so long ago, people believed that daimones, some sort of supernatural beings, or natural essences, existed in certain places, such as rivers or forests. Ovadiah ben Jacob, Sforno, explains us verse 13. It’s about hunted beasts or edible birds. The areas where these animals used to live were semi-abandoned and, therefore, frequented by these daimones. Therefore, the Torah forbids leaving the blood of the hunted animal exposed, and orders to cover it to prevent the presence of these daimones, or demons, as we know them today (Ovadiah ben Jacob Sforno, Commentary on the Torah, translated and commented on by Rabbi Raphael Pelcovitz, pp. 571).

Now, why does blood «promote», or help, the presence of these little demons? Because the «life-essence» of every living creature is its blood. According to Sforno, a vaporous, mistlike substance in the blood that carries the life force. This most insubstantial and thin of material things, is the food of these «demons» and those who seek their company.

«Therefore I said to the children of Israel, ‘You shall not consume the blood…», in line 14. Because even though the sons of Noah could eat it, the Holy One, blessed be, prohibited it to Israel. Why? Because when someone ingests the soul of life (that is, the blood), the one who feeds on it returns to its animal nature (Ovadiah ben Jacob Sforno, p. 571).

Has it ever happened to you that when you eat a steak or a ribeye, you get «the meat sweats» in just a few minutes? Today we have scientific explanations dispelling the myths of daimones. They also show us that the consumption of meat causes a series of chemical and physiological reactions in our body. Among other things, it adapts for digestion and the intake of proteins, and increases brain activity.

Meat consumption, in ancient times, was meager and reserved for special occasions. That didn’t mean that all was permitted. That is why there are several laws for slaughtering animals for consumption. And some strict requirements regarding the blood, which we cannot consume. Don’t let the demons take us … or raise our cholesterol levels.


Després de la mort dels fills d’Aaron, i després d’instruir al mateix Aaron sobre la forma en què cal realitzar els sacrificis, la Torah es dirigeix a les persones comunes que desitgin fer un sacrifici, o bé consumir carn, instruint-los per portar el sacrifici a l’entrada de la Tenda de Reunió (Vaïcrà-Levític, 17:8-9).

Però just després, es prohibeix de forma explícita i clara el consum de la sang: «Qualsevol persona de la Casa d’Israel o dels residents entre ells que consumeixin sang, Jo concentraré la Meva atenció sobre l’ànima que consumeix la sang, i la separaré del seu poble» (v. 10). I també «… qualsevol d’entre vosaltres no pot consumir sang; i el resident entre vosaltres no pot consumir sang» (v. 12). I encara un altre cop, «Qualsevol integrant dels Fills d’Israel o dels qui resideixen entre ells, atrapi una bèstia o un ocell que es pugui menjar, vessarà la seva sang i la cobrirà amb terra» (v. 13).

Però, per què aquesta prohibició tan clara, no només pels membres de la Casa d’Israel, sinó per tothom qui habiti amb ells? «Perquè l’ànima de tota carn està en la sang, i he designat per vosaltres que feu expiació per les vostres ànimes a l’Altar; perquè és la sang que expia per l’ànima» (v. 11). Però també «Perquè la vida de tota creatura, la seva sang representa la seva vida, per això he dit als Fills d’Israel, ‘No consumireu la sang de cap creatura; perquè la vida de qualsevol creatura és la seva sang, qualsevol que la consumeixi serà separat» (v. 14).

En l’època antiga, i a la no tan antiga també, es creia en l’existència de daimones, éssers o essències sobrenaturals, que habitaven a llocs determinats, com els rius o els boscs. Ovadiah ben Jacob, Sforno, ens explica el vers 13, que ens parla de les bèsties o ocells comestibles que es cacin. A les zones on aquests animals solien viure, eren zones semiabandonades i, per tant, freqüentades per aquests daimones. Per tant, la Torah prohibeix deixar la sang de la cacera exposada i ordena cobrir-la, per impedir la presència d’aquests daimones, o dimonis, com els coneixem avui en dia (Ovadiah ben Jacob Sforno, Commentary on the Torah, traduït i comentat per Rabí Raphael Pelcovitz, p. 571).

Ara bé, per què la sang «promou», o ajuda, la presència d’aquests dimoniets? Perquè la «nefeix – la vida» de cada creatura vivent és la seva sang. Segons Sforno, una substància «vaporosa» de la sang que porta la força vital (benafshó), i que és la més insubstancial i prima de les coses materials, és l’aliment d’aquests «dimonis» i d’aquells que en busquen la companyia.

«Per això he dit als Fills d’Israel, ‘No consumireu la sang…’», al vers 14, perquè encara que la permetés als fills de Noè, està prohibida per a tot Israel (a la paraixà Tsav, en aquest mateix llibre, 7:26). Per què? Perquè quan s’ingereix l’ànima de vida (és a dir, la sang), aquell que se n’alimenta retorna a la seva natura animal (Ovadiah ben Jacob Sforno, p. 571).

No us ha passat mai, que en menjar un entrecot, o una bona costellada, en uns pocs minuts comenceu a suar? Avui tenim tot d’explicacions científiques que desfan els mites dels daimones, però que ens demostren que el consum de carn provoca una sèrie de reaccions químiques i fisiològiques en el nostre cos, que, entre altres coses, s’adapta per a la digestió i l’entrada de les proteïnes, i augmenta l’activitat cerebral.

El consum de carn, en l’època antiga, era minso i reservat per ocasions especials. Això no volia dir que s’hi valia tot. Per això hi ha tota una sèrie de lleis per a sacrificar animals per a consum, amb uns requisits al voltant de la sang, que no podem consumir. No fos cas que ens prenguin els dimonis… o que ens pugi el colesterol.

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Mourner’s Kaddish (Kaddish Yatom), traditionally said by mourners––that is, those who have lost a parent during the previous eleven months or a child, sibling, or spuce during the last thirty days––and by those observing the anniversary of the death of those close relatives. (In many contemporary communities, the full congregation says it in support of the mourners, and in memory of the six million Jews who perished during the Holocaust, assuming that at least one died on any given day.) The mourners Kaddish omits lines 7 and 8 of the Full Kaddish that asks God to answer our prayers, because presumably, God did not grant the mourner’s prayers that the relative recover and live).
אבל: יִתְגַּדַּל וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא
[קהל: אמן] בְּעָלְמָא דִּי בְרָא כִרְעוּתֵהּ וְיַמְלִיךְ מַלְכוּתֵהּ בְּחַיֵּיכון וּבְיומֵיכון וּבְחַיֵּי דְכָל בֵּית יִשרָאֵל בַּעֲגָלָא וּבִזְמַן קָרִיב, וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן: [קהל: אמן] קהל ואבל: יְהֵא שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ לְעָלַם וּלְעָלְמֵי עָלְמַיָּא אבל: יִתְבָּרַךְ וְיִשְׁתַּבַּח וְיִתְפָּאַר וְיִתְרומַם וְיִתְנַשּא וְיִתְהַדָּר וְיִתְעַלֶּה וְיִתְהַלָּל שְׁמֵהּ דְּקֻדְשָׁא. בְּרִיךְ הוּא. [קהל: בריך הוא:] לְעֵלָּא מִן כָּל בִּרְכָתָא בעשי”ת: לְעֵלָּא לְעֵלָּא מִכָּל וְשִׁירָתָא תֻּשְׁבְּחָתָא וְנֶחֱמָתָא דַּאֲמִירָן בְּעָלְמָא. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן: [קהל: אמן] יְהֵא שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא מִן שְׁמַיָּא וְחַיִּים עָלֵינוּ וְעַל כָּל יִשרָאֵל. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן: [קהל: אמן] עושה שָׁלום בִּמְרומָיו הוּא יַעֲשה שָׁלום עָלֵינוּ וְעַל כָּל יִשרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן: [קהל: אמן]

וְזֹ֖את הַתּוֹרָ֑ה אֲשֶׁר־שָׂ֣ם מֹשֶׁ֔ה לִפְנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ תּוֹרָ֥ה צִוָּה־לָ֖נוּ מֹשֶׁ֑ה מוֹרָשָׁ֖ה קְהִלַּ֥ת יַעֲקֹֽב׃ הָאֵל֮ תָּמִ֢ים דַּ֫רְכּ֥וֹ אִמְרַֽת־יְהֹוָ֥ה צְרוּפָ֑ה מָגֵ֥ן ה֝֗וּא לְכֹ֤ל ׀ הַחֹסִ֬ים בּֽוֹ׃

Before reading the Torah:
הַשֵּׁם עִמָּכֶם.
יְבָרֶכְךָ הַשֵּׁם.
 

 .בָּרְכוּ אֶת יְהֹוָה הַמְּבֹרָךְ
.בָּרוּךְ יְהֹוָה הַמְּבֹרָךְ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד
.בָּרוּךְ יְהֹוָה הַמְּבֹרָךְ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד

בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהֹוָה, אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם, אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר בָּנוּ מִכָּל הָעַמִּים וְנָתַן לָנוּ אֶת תּוֹרָתוֹ. בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהֹוָה, נוֹתֵן הַתּוֹרָה:
 אמן.

After reading the Torah:

בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהֹוָה, אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם, אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָנוּ אֶת תּוֹרָתוֹ תּוֹרַת אֱמֶת, וְחַיֵּי עוֹלָם נָטַע בְּתוֹכֵנוּ. בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהֹוָה, נוֹתֵן הַתּוֹרָה:
אמן.

Beracha recited before the reading of the Haftara:

Mi Sheberach, the Jewish prayer for healing, is one of the most meaningful prayers in Judaism. It is a public prayer or blessing for an individual or group, most often recited in synagogue when the Torah is being read. 

He who blessed our fathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Moses and Aaron, David and Solomon, may he heal ___ who is ill. May the Holy One, blessed be he, have mercy and speedily restore him to perfect health, both spiritual and physical; and let us say, Amen.

מִי שֶׁבֵּרַךְ אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ, אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב, משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן, דָּוִד וּשְׁלֹמֹה, הוּא יְבָרֵךְ וִירַפֵּא אֶת הַחוֹלֶה ___. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יִמָּלֵא רַחֲמִים עָלָיו לְהַחֲלִימוֹ וּלְרַפֹּאתוֹ, לְהַחֲזִיקוֹ וּלְהַחֲיוֹתוֹ, וְיִשְׁלַח לוֹ מְהֵרָה רְפוּאָה שְׁלֵמָה, רְפוּאַת הַנֶּֽפֶשׁ וּרְפוּאַת הַגּוּף; וְנֹאמַר אָמֵן.

Tefilat HaDerech (Hebrew: תפילת הדרך), also known as the Traveler’s Prayer or Wayfarer’s Prayer in English, is a prayer for safe travel recited by Jews when traveling by air, sea, or long car trips. It is recited at the start of every journey, preferably standing, but this is not required. It is frequently inscribed on hamsas, which may also include the Shema or Birkat HaBayit prayer.

In the “Blessing of Thanksgiving” (Birkat HaGomel), persons in four different categories should express gratitude to God for His compassion toward them:
One who has done one of the following: a) traveled across the ocean (by an international flight, etc.); b) traversed the desert; c) recovered from a very serious illness; d) been released from prison.
All other potentially fatal circumstances that one escapes, such as a wall crumbling on him, an ox goring him, thieves, auto accidents, etc., fall under the category of desert.

The reader recites:

בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה’ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם הַגּוֹמֵל לְחַיָּבִים טוֹבוֹת שֶׁגְּמָלַנִי כָּל טוֹב.

 
The congregations responds:

מִי שֶׁגְמַלְךָ כֹּל טוֹב הוּא יִגְמַלְךָ כֹּל טוֹב סֶלָה.

NameSymbolSephardi
Sof passukב׃‎סוֹף פָּסֽוּק‎
Sof pasuk
Etnachtaב֑‎אַתְנָ֑ח‎
Atnaḥ
Segolב֒‎סְגוֹלְתָּא֒‎
Segolta
Shalsheletב֓‎שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת‎
Šalšeleþ
Zakef katanב֔‎זָקֵף קָט֔וֹן‎
Záqéf Qáţown
Zakef gadolב֕‎זָקֵף גָּד֕וֹל‎
Záqéf Ggádowl
Tifchaב֖‎טַרְחָ֖א‎
Tarḥa
Riviaב֗‎רְבִ֗יע‎
Revia
Zarkaב֮‎זַרְקָא֮‎
Zarqa
Pashtaב֙‎קַדְמָא֙‎
Qadma
Shene pashtinב֨‎ב֙‎תְּרֵ֨י קַדְמִין֙‎
Tere qadmin
Yetivב֚‎יְ֚תִיב‎
Yetiv
Tevirב֛‎תְּבִ֛יר‎
Tviyr
Pazerב֡‎פָּזֶר גָּד֡וֹל‎
Pazer gadol
Qarne farahב֟‎קַרְנֵי פָרָ֟ה‎
Qarne farah
Telisha gedolaב֠‎תִּ֠רְצָה‎
Tirtzah
Gereshב֜‎גְּרִ֜ישׁ‎
Gerish
Gershayimב֞‎שְׁנֵי גְרִישִׁ֞ין‎
Shene gerishin
Munachב׀‎פָּסֵ֣ק׀‎
Paseq
Merchaב֥‎מַאֲרִ֥יךְ‎
Maarich
Munachב֣‎שׁוֹפָר הוֹלֵ֣ךְ‎
Shofar holech
Mahpachב֤‎‏(שׁוֹפָר) מְהֻפָּ֤ךְ‎
(Shofar) mehuppach
Dargaב֧‎דַּרְגָּ֧א‎
Ddarggá
Kadmaב֨‎אַזְלָ֨א or קַדְמָ֨א‎
Azla or Qadma[18]
Telisha ketanaב֩‎תַּלְשָׁא֩‎
Talsha
Mercha kefulaב֦‎תְּרֵי טַעֲמֵ֦י‎
Tere ta’ame
Yerach ben yomoב֪‎יֵרֶח בֶּן יוֹמ֪וֹ‎
Yeraḥ ben yomo

Spanish-Portuguese custom

זַרְקָא֮ מַקַּף־שׁוֹפָר־הוֹלֵ֣ךְ סְגוֹלְתָּא֒ פָּזֵר גָּד֡וֹל תַ֠לְשָׁא תִּ֩ילְשָׁא אַזְלָ֨א גֵּ֜רֵישׁ פָּסֵק  ׀  רָבִ֗יעַ שְׁנֵי־גֵרֵישִׁ֞ין דַּרְגָ֧א תְּבִ֛יר מַאֲרִ֥יךְ טַרְחָ֖א אַתְנָ֑ח שׁוֹפָר־מְהֻפָּ֤ךְ קַדְמָא֙ תְּרֵ֨י־קַדְמִין֙ זָקֵף־קָט֔וֹן זָקֵף־גָּד֕וֹל שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת תְּרֵי־טַעֲמֵ֦י יְ֚תִיב סוֹף־פָּסֽוּק׃

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